In the process of achieving a new structure of expectations, conflict integrates underlying goals and mutual perceptions into a balance among the central interests at stake, the resolution, and the ability of the parties to support them. 4 Passions and beliefs become evident the nature and intensity of hidden interests surface. The conflict itself is a process of communication-an engagement of fields of expression. 3Ĭonflict is a dispute in a situation defined by the parties' underlying goals and beliefs, mutual perception and communication, and the facts involved. These means are diverse and involve a number of considerations, which I have organized into the nine peacemaking subprinciples listed in Table 10.1. 2 The means to accelerate or facilitate this process must therefore be focused directly on the balancing of these elements or the conditions influencing them. To make peace, then, is to achieve a balance of powers-an interlocking of mutual interests, capabilities, and wills. Whether from the perspective of a partisan or third party, the Peacemaking Principle is this: 1aĬonflict over the status quo is a breakdown of what people and groups want and can and will do.
If extreme conflict or violence over a status quo erupts, the central problem is to achieve a new, just balance with minimum conflict. Here I need only summarize the major ideas involved in these principles, keeping in mind the aim to make incremental reforms toward a just peace possible. They are particularly relevant and important for dealing with potential or actual violent conflict over the national or international status quo. They are based on or consistent with the theory, analyses, and conclusions of the previous volumes and are meant to be general principles of conflict resolution for all levels and types of social relationships. In In the Minds of Men (1979a) 1 I described three principles, attendant subprinciples and rules for making, keeping and fostering peace.
John Milton, To the Lord General Cromwell 9:Implementation of a Just Peace:Incrementalism
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